Primer
What is El Niño, really?
El Niño is the warm phase of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), a coupled ocean–atmosphere pattern that originates in the tropical Pacific and reshapes weather worldwide.
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Learn
Climate fluency for everyone.
Short, accurate explainers — written for the curious public, useful for the trained eye.
Primer
What is La Niña?
La Niña is the cool phase. Stronger trade winds push warm water westward, cooling the eastern Pacific and producing roughly opposite global impacts to El Niño.
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Explainer
Why the Pacific Ocean rules global weather
The Pacific holds a vast reservoir of heat. Shifts in its surface temperature alter the jet stream and rainfall patterns from Australia to Africa to the Americas.
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Guide
Reading SST anomaly charts
Anomalies measure how much warmer or cooler the ocean is than the long-term average. Threshold values define El Niño, La Niña, and neutral phases.
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Region
How El Niño affects Sri Lanka
El Niño typically suppresses the Southwest Monsoon and amplifies dry-zone stress, with implications for paddy, tea, and reservoir storage.
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Field
What farmers should know
Use ENSO forecasts as a planning input, not a guarantee. Diversify crop calendars, conserve water early, and watch official seasonal outlooks.
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